Closing the Gap: Angkot as an Informal Feeder to BRT Metro Jabar Trans in the B andung Basin Metropolitan Area
Keywords:
Bus Rapid Transit, informal paratransit, service coverage, network analysis, Bandung Basin Metropolitan AreaAbstract
Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) systems are widely regarded as a cost-effective solution for improving urban and regional mobility, yet their service coverage is often constrained by the limited spatial reach of fixed stops. In the Bandung Basin Metropolitan Area, the recent transformation of Trans Metro Bandung into Metro Jabar Trans expanded BRT service from a city to a metropolitan scale, but ridership through the end of 2025 remained well below target, raising questions about the adequacy of its spatial coverage. This study evaluates the service coverage jointly generated by the Metro Jabar Trans BRT network and angkot, an informal paratransit mode that has long served as a de facto feeder in the region. Using secondary spatial data obtained from relevant government agencies and OpenStreetMap, a network-based service area analysis was performed with the Python package NetworkX to calculate 400-meter walking-distance coverage along actual road and pedestrian pathways. The results show that Metro Jabar Trans, comprising eight corridors and feeders with 438 stops, covers only 46.41 km² across the region, whereas angkot's denser and more flexible route network covers 398 km², roughly 8.6 times larger. This disparity is most pronounced in Bandung Regency, where BRT coverage reaches only 8.38 km² compared with 178.53 km² for angkot. These findings indicate that an evaluation based on BRT infrastructure alone substantially understates the actual reach of public transport in the region, and that angkot functions as the de facto backbone of accessibility in areas farther from Bandung's urban core. The study recommends that local transport authorities formally integrate angkot into regional public transport planning, particularly in BRT-deficient areas, and prioritize stop-density improvements over the addition of new corridors.
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