Optimization of Nanoemulsion Formulation Containing Ethanolic Extract of Sembung Leaves (Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.) Using D-Optimal Design Method for Topical Antioxidant Application
Keywords:
Sembung leaves, nanoemulsion, D-optimal design, antioxidantAbstract
Skin aging is a biological process accelerated by oxidative stress caused by free radicals, leading to collagen degradation, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkle formation. Sembung leaves (Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.) contain flavonoids and phenolic compounds, particularly quercetin, which exhibits potent antioxidant activity. However, quercetin has low solubility and permeability, thus requiring a delivery system such as a nanoemulsion. This study aimed to formulate, characterize, and evaluate a nanoemulsion containing ethanolic extract of B. balsamifera leaves using the D-optimal design method and to determine its antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Optimization using the D-optimal design method produced an optimum nanoemulsion formula consisting of 1% (w/v) ethanolic extract of B. balsamifera leaves, 5% citronella oil, 27.6% Cremophor RH40, 18.5% Transcutol, and 48.9% distilled water. Characterization of the final formulation showed a droplet size of 17.9 ± 0.141 nm, a PDI of 0.137 ± 0.005, a zeta potential of −6.95 ± 0.212 mV, a pH within the physiological skin range of 5.86 ± 0.051, and a viscosity of 152.8 ± 1.833 cps with Newtonian flow behavior. The nanoemulsion was physically stable without phase separation or precipitation after thermodynamic stability tests (heating-cooling, centrifugation, and freeze-thaw). DPPH analysis showed that the nanoemulsion exhibited antioxidant activity with an average IC50 value of 1804.739 ± 5.549 ppm, which was categorized as very weak.
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