The Relationship Between Smoking Habits and Sperm Quality in Men of Reproductive Age
Keywords:
male fertility, sperm quality, smokingAbstract
Abstract. Male infertility is a health problem influenced by various lifestyle factors, including smoking habits, which expose individuals to toxic substances and free radicals that may disrupt spermatogenesis. Such disruptions can lead to abnormalities in sperm parameters, including concentration, morphology, and motility, thereby contributing to male infertility. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between smoking habits and sperm quality among men of reproductive age at a reproductive health clinic in Cirebon, Indonesia, in 2024.An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. The sample consisted of men aged 20–45 years who underwent semen analysis during the study period. Subjects with a history of anatomical or reproductive hormonal disorders, as well as those receiving hormone therapy or medications that could affect sperm quality, were excluded. Smoking habits were determined based on smoking status recorded in medical records. Sperm quality was assessed using laboratory data on sperm concentration, morphology, and motility, which were categorized as normal or abnormal. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Of the 140 subjects, 86 (61.42%) were non-smokers, and 79 (56.42%) had abnormal sperm quality. Statistical analysis showed no significant association between smoking habits and sperm quality (p = 0.592). These findings indicate that smoking habits were not significantly associated with sperm quality in the studied population. Further studies incorporating more detailed assessments of smoking exposure, such as smoking duration and the number of cigarettes consumed per day, are recommended to better evaluate potential risks.
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