Kajian Formulasi Etosom sebagai Sistem Penghantaran Agen Sitotoksik dalam Pengobatan Kanker Kulit
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsp.v4i2.13437Keywords:
Kanker kulit, Etosom, SitotoksikAbstract
Abstract. Skin cancer is a global health issues with a high incidence. Commonly used skin cancer treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, curettage, and electrocautery. However, these therapies face a number of issues related to cost, toxicity, and bioavailability, leading to reduced treatment efficacy and poor patient compliance. Ethosomes are present as a delivery system for cytotoxic agents in skin cancer treatment to overcome this problem and are the best treatment for skin cancer because the cytotoxic agents are delivered along with ethosome can penetrate deeper layers in the skin for systemic purposes. Etosomes can be used for long-term treatment purposes by controlling drug release and specifically acting on cancer cells, thereby minimizing drug side effects. This study aimed to analyze the ethos formulation as a delivery system for cytotoxic agents in the treatment of skin cancer. The research method used was a systematic literature review by searching for international articles from reputable publishers. The results of this study show that ethosomes can be formed using phospholipids, ethanol and water with or without added cholesterol and additional solvents. The most widely used phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine (0.5–5%), ethanol and up to 60% water. Phospholipid and ethanol concentrations in the ethosome system can influence vesicle size and %EE.
Abstrak. Kanker kulit menjadi masalah kesehatan global dengan prevelensi yang tinggi. Metode pengobatan yang umum digunakan untuk kanker kulit diantaranya kemoterapi, terapi radiasi, krioterapi, kuretase dan elektrodesikasi. Namun, terapi tersebut dihadapkan pada beberapa masalah terkait biaya, toksisitas dan ketersediaan hayati, sehingga menyebabkan penurunan efektivitas terapi dan kepatuhan pasien yang buruk. Etosom hadir sebagai sistem penghantaran agen sitotoksik dalam pengobatan kanker kulit untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut dan sebagai terapi kanker kulit terbaik karena agen sitotoksik yang dihantarkan dengan etosom dapat berpenetrasi ke lapisan kulit lebih dalam untuk tujuan sistemik. Etosom dapat digunakan untuk terapi berkelanjutan dengan mengontrol pelepasan obat dan bekerja secara spesifik terhadap sel kanker, sehingga dapat meminimalisir efek samping obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis formulasi etosom sebagai sistem penghantaran agen sitotoksik dalam pengobatan kanker kulit. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu systematic literature review dengan cara mencari artikel internasional dari penerbit bereputasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa etosom dapat diformulasikan menggunakan fosfolipid, etanol dan air dengan ataupun tanpa penambahan kolesterol dan pelarut tambahan. Fosfolipid yang paling banyak digunakan adalah fosfatidilkolin (0,5-5%), etanol, dan air hingga 60%. Konsentrasi fosfolipid dan etanol dalam sistem etosom dapat mempengaruhi ukuran vesikel dan %EE.
References
[2] L. Zeng et al., “Advancements in nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for skin cancer therapy,” Molecular Cancer, vol. 22, no. 1. BioMed Central Ltd, Dec. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01708-4.
[3] R. Neupane, S. H. S. Boddu, J. Renukuntla, R. J. Babu, and A. K. Tiwari, “Alternatives to biological skin in permeation studies: Current trends and possibilities,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 12, no. 2. MDPI AG, Feb. 01, 2020. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020152.
[4] H. Shabani et al., “Anticancer activity of thymoquinone against breast cancer cells: Mechanisms of action and delivery approaches,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, vol. 165. Elsevier Masson s.r.l., Sep. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114972.
[5] Z. Saeidi, R. Giti, M. Rostami, and F. Mohammadi, “Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems in the transdermal treatment of melanoma,” Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, no. In press issue. Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 2023. doi: 10.34172/apb.2023.070.
[6] M. Dahri et al., “Biomaterial-based delivery platforms for transdermal immunotherapy,” Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, vol. 165. Elsevier Masson s.r.l., Sep. 01, 2023. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115048.
[7] K. Soni, A. Mujtaba, M. H. Akhter, A. Zafar, and K. Kohli, “Optimisation of ethosomal nanogel for topical nano-CUR and sulphoraphane delivery in effective skin cancer therapy,” J Microencapsul, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 91–108, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1701114.
[8] I. A. Mousa, T. M. Hammady, S. Gad, S. A. Zaitone, M. El-Sherbiny, and O. M. Sayed, “Formulation and Characterization of Metformin-Loaded Ethosomes for Topical Application to Experimentally Induced Skin Cancer in Mice,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 15, no. 6, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3390/ph15060657.
[9] R. S. Nair, N. Billa, C. O. Leong, and A. P. Morris, “An evaluation of tocotrienol ethosomes for transdermal delivery using Strat-M® membrane and excised human skin,” Pharm Dev Technol, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 243–251, 2021, doi: 10.1080/10837450.2020.1860087.
[10] D. Nayak, N. C. Thathapudi, S. Ashe, and B. Nayak, “Bioengineered ethosomes encapsulating AgNPs and Tasar silk sericin proteins for non melanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC) as an alternative therapeutics,” Int J Pharm, vol. 596, Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120265.
[11] I. M. Abdulbaqi, Y. Darwis, N. A. K. Khan, R. A. Assi, and A. A. Khan, “Ethosomal nanocarriers: The impact of constituents and formulation techniques on ethosomal properties, in vivo studies, and clinical trials,” International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 11. Dove Medical Press Ltd., pp. 2279–2304, May 25, 2016. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S105016.
[12] H. F. Salem, R. M. Kharshoum, H. A. Abou-Taleb, H. O. Farouk, and R. M. Zaki, “Fabrication and appraisal of simvastatin via tailored niosomal nanovesicles for transdermal delivery enhancement: In vitro and in vivo assessment,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–25, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020138.
[13] N. Bonita, F. Darusman, & Sani, and E. Priani, “Kajian Pustaka Sistem Penghantaran Etosom untuk Senyawa Bahan Alam yang Berkhasiat Antioksidan”, doi: 10.29313/.v0i0.29165.
[14] T. A. Ismail, T. M. Shehata, D. I. Mohamed, H. S. Elsewedy, and W. E. Soliman, “Quality by design for development, optimization and characterization of brucine ethosomal gel for skin cancer delivery,” Molecules, vol. 26, no. 11, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390/molecules26113454.
[15] M. El-Kayal, M. Nasr, S. Elkheshen, and N. Mortada, “Colloidal (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate vesicular systems for prevention and treatment of skin cancer: A comprehensive experimental study with preclinical investigation,” European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 137, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104972.
[16] T. Moolakkadath et al., “Fisetin loaded binary ethosomes for management of skin cancer by dermal application on UV exposed mice,” Int J Pharm, vol. 560, pp. 78–91, Apr. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.01.067.
[17] M. C. Cristiano et al., “Sulforaphane-loaded ultradeformable vesicles as a potential natural nanomedicine for the treatment of skin cancer diseases,” Pharmaceutics, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010006.
[18] M. R. Peram et al., “Factorial design based curcumin ethosomal nanocarriers for the skin cancer delivery: in vitro evaluation,” J Liposome Res, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 291–311, Jul. 2019, doi: 10.1080/08982104.2018.1556292.
[19] S. Nasr et al., “Ethosomes and lipid-coated chitosan nanocarriers for skin delivery of a chlorophyll derivative: A potential treatment of squamous cell carcinoma by photodynamic therapy,” Int J Pharm, vol. 568, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118528.
[20] F. Amr Gamal, R. M. Kharshoum, O. M. Sayed, F. I. A. El-Ela, and H. F. Salem, “Control of basal cell carcinoma via positively charged ethosomes of Vismodegib: In vitro and in vivo studies,” J Drug Deliv Sci Technol, vol. 56, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101556.
