Gangguan Kognitif sebagai Efek Samping Penggunaan Steroid Anabolik Androgenik
Abstract
Abstract. Adolescent and adult men are relatively satisfied with a muscular body shape. Efforts to increase muscle mass are the main strategy for achieving your dream body shape. One method used to increase muscle mass is using anabolic-androgenic steroids. However, androgenic anabolic steroids have side effects that can harm several body organs. This study aimed to explore and analyze the side effects of using anabolic-androgenic steroids as a supplement to increase muscle mass in adult men. This research is a systematic review to identify and analyze articles using ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Taylor and Francis, Proquest, and SpringerLink database sources. The eligibility criteria used are Population (adult men who use anabolic-androgenic steroids or their derivatives), Exposure (anabolic-androgenic steroids or their derivatives), Comparison (individuals who do not use anabolic-androgenic steroids or their derivatives), Outcome (side effects related to use anabolic-androgenic steroids or their derivatives), Study (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional study). Critical review was carried out using JBI critical appraisal, the PRISMA diagram method was used in this research and resulted in sixteen articles that met the inclusion and eligibility criteria. From 5 databases, 1,153 articles were obtained that met the inclusion criteria, and 16 articles were produced that met the eligibility criteria. Based on the results of the analysis of sixteen articles, thirteen articles were found which stated that supplementation with androgenic anabolic steroids had significant side effects on several body organs in adult men, while three other studies concluded that there were no significant differences or side effects. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion of the descriptions of the research articles reviewed, it can be concluded that the use of androgenic anabolic steroids has side effects on various organs in adult men such as organs in the nervous system, heart, kidneys, reproductive organs and periodontal.
Abstrak. Pria remaja dan dewasa relatif memiliki kepuasaan terhadap bentuk tubuh yang berotot. Upaya meningkatkan masa otot merupakan strategi utama untuk memperoleh bentuk tubuh idaman. Salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan masa otot adalah menggunakan steroid anabolik-androgenik. Namun, steroid anabolik androgenik memiliki efek samping yang dapat membahayakan beberapa organ tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi dan menganalisis efek samping penggunaan steroid anabolik-androgenik sebagai suplementasi penambah masa otot pada laki-laki dewasa. Penelitian ini merupakan systematic review untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis artikel melalui sumber database ScienceDirect, PubMed, dan Taylor and Francis,Proquest, dan Springerlink. Kriteria kelayakan yang digunakan yaitu Populasi (pria dewasa pengguna steroid anabolik-androgenik atau turunannya), Exposure (steroid anabolik-androgenik atau turunannya), Comparison (individu yang tidak menggunakan steroid anabolik-androgenik atau turunannya), Outcome (efek samping yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan steroid anabolik-androgenik atau turunannya), Study (cohort, case-control, cross-sectional study). Telaah kritis dilakukan dengan menggunakan JBI critical appraisal, Metode diagram PRISMA digunakan dalam penelitian ini dan menghasilkan enam belas artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan kelayakan. Dari 5 database didapatkan 1.153 artikel sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi, dan dihasilkan 16 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria kelayakan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dari enam belas artikel, didapatkan tiga belas artikel yang menyebutkan pemberian suplementasi steroid anabolik androgenik memiliki efek samping signifikan terhadap beberapa organ tubuh pada laki-laki dewasa, sedangkan tiga penelitian lainnya menyimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan atau efek samping yang signifikan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dan pembahasan dari uraian artikel penelitian yang di-review, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan steroid anabolik androgenik memiliki efek samping terhadap berbagai macam organ pada pria dewasa seperti organ pada sistem saraf, jantung, ginjal, organ reproduksi, dan periodontal.
References
Roman M, Roman DL, Ostafe V, Ciorsac A, Isvoran A. Computational Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Biological Effects of Some Anabolic and Androgen Steroids. Pharm Res. 2018 Feb 1;35(2).
Sessa F, Salerno M, Di Mizio G, Bertozzi G, Messina G, Tomaiuolo B, et al. Anabolic androgenic steroids: Searching new molecular biomarkers. Vol. 9, Frontiers in Pharmacology. Frontiers Media S.A.; 2018.
Evans NA. Current Concepts in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2004 Mar;32(2):534–42.
Pomara C, Neri M, Bello S, Fiore C, Riezzo I, Turillazzi E. Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.ae Neurotoxicity by Synthetic Androgen Steroids: Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis, and Neuropathology: A Review. Vol. 13, Current Neuropharmacology. 2015.
Patanè FG, Liberto A, Maglitto ANM, Malandrino P, Esposito M, Amico F, et al. Nandrolone decanoate: Use, abuse and side effects. Vol. 56, Medicina (Lithuania). MDPI AG; 2020. p. 1–24.
Felix Joseph J, Kristina Parr M. Synthetic Androgens as Designer Supplements. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015;13(1):89–101.
Barbosa Neto O, da Mota GR, De Sordi CC, Resende EAMR, Resende LAPR, Vieira da Silva MA, et al. Long-term anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders induce cardiovascular structural and autonomic abnormalities. Clinical Autonomic Research. 2018 Apr 1;28(2):231–44.
Sagoe D, Molde H, Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Pallesen S. The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Vol. 24, Annals of Epidemiology. Elsevier Inc.; 2014. p. 383–98.
Momaya A, Fawal M, Estes R. Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature. Vol. 45, Sports Medicine. Springer International Publishing; 2015. p. 517–31.
Basile JR, Binmadi NO, Zhou H, Yang Y hua, Paoli A, Proia P. Supraphysiological doses of performance enhancing anabolic-androgenic steroids exert direct toxic effects on neuron-like cells. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013 Apr 23;(APR).
Joukar S, Vahidi R, Farsinejad A, Asadi-shekaari M, Shahouzehi B. Ameliorative Effects of Endurance Exercise with Two Different Intensities on Nandrolone Decanoate-Induced Neurodegeneration in Rats: Involving Redox and Apoptotic Systems. Neurotox Res. 2017 Jul 1;32(1):41–9.
Novaes Gomes FG, Fernandes J, Vannucci Campos D, Cassilhas RC, Viana GM, D’Almeida V, et al. The beneficial effects of strength exercise on hippocampal cell proliferation and apoptotic signaling is impaired by anabolic androgenic steroids. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Dec 1;50:106–17.
Karimooy FN, Bideskan AE, Pour AM, Hoseini SM. Neurotoxic Effects of Stanozolol on Male Rats’ Hippocampi: Does Stanozolol cause apoptosis? Biomol Concepts. 2019;10(1):73–81.
Pająk M, Grużewska-Piotrowska K, Hubka J, Grużewska A. Side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse – empirical research based on anonymous surveys among people who regularly attend the gym. Quality in Sport. 2023 Jun 30;14(1):102–12.
Kanayama G, Kean J, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Cognitive deficits in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Jun 1;130(1–3):208–14.
Nadianti A, 1 U, Hikmawati D, Andarini MY. Gambaran Kejadian Acne Vulgaris Berdasarkan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhinya pada Siswa dan Siswi Kelas XII SMAN 6 Bandung Periode Mei-Juni Tahun 2023 [Internet]. Vol. 1. 2023. Available from: https://journal.sbpublisher.com/index.php/pharmacomedic
Kanayama G, Pope HG, Cohane G, Hudson JI. Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use among weightlifters: A case-control study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003 Jul 20;71(1):77–86.
Pope HG, Kean J, Nash A, Kanayama G, Samuel DB, Bickel WK, et al. A diagnostic interview module for anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: Preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Jun;18(3):203–13.
Baker JS, Graham MR, Davies B. Steroid and prescription medicine abuse in the health and fitness community: A regional study. Eur J Intern Med. 2006 Nov;17(7):479–84.
Skarberg K, Nyberg F, Engstrom I. Multisubstance use as a feature of addiction to anabolic-androgenic steroids. Eur Addict Res. 2009 Mar;15(2):99–106.
Crawford JR, Deary IJ, Starr J, Whalley LJ. The NART as an index of prior intellectual functioning: A retrospective validity study covering a 66-year interval. Psychol Med. 2001;31(3):451–8.
Willshire D, Kinsella G, Prior M. Estimating WAIS-R IQ from the National Adult Reading Test: A cross-validation. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1991;13(2):204–16.
Robbins TW, James M, Owen AM, Sahakian BJ, Lawrence AD, Mcinnes L, et al. A study of performance on tests from the CANTAB battery sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction in a large sample of normal volunteers: Implications for theories of executive functioning and cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1998;4(5):474–90.
Bestari Yuniah, Yudi Feriandi, Fajar Awalia Yulianto. Proporsi Konsumsi Junk Food dan Status Gizi Berlebih di Mahasiswa Kedokteran. Jurnal Riset Kedokteran. 2023 Dec 15;69–74.
