Tanggung Jawab Negara atas Kekerasan Aparat Kepolisian terhadap Wartawan Berdasarkan Hukum Internasional

Abstract

Abstract. Journalists as holders of the right to freedom of expression are constantly subjected to acts of violence because of their journalistic activities, and this is rampant in various countries. The act of violence involves police officers who are holders of human rights obligations. These actions affect the implementation of the right to freedom of expression for journalists, as guaranteed in international and national legal instruments, and thereby give rise to responsibility. This study aims to examine the international law arrangements regarding police violence against journalists and the mechanisms of state accountability for such actions. The research method used is normative juridical, with a statutory and conceptual approach, analyzed descriptively and analytically through qualitative methods. The results of the study show that the acts of violence by police against journalists violated the provisions related to the right to freedom of expression in Article 2 jo. Article 19 paragraph (2) of the ICCPR, as well as violating the provisions related to the right to freedom from torture in Article 7 of the ICCPR and Article 2 paragraph (1) of the CAT. These acts of violence meet the elements of an internationally wrongful act, thus giving rise to state responsibility. The forms of state responsibility include restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, and satisfaction. The state responsibility mechanism can be pursued through international mechanisms and national mechanisms. The outcome of the mechanism can take the form of recommendations or binding decisions.

Abstrak. Wartawan sebagai pemegang hak atas kebebasan berekspresi secara terus-menerus mengalami tindakan kekerasan karena aktivitas jurnalistiknya dan hal ini marak terjadi di berbagai negara. Tindakan kekerasan tersebut melibatkan aparat kepolisian yang merupakan pemegang kewajiban atas hak asasi manusia. Tindakan tersebut berdampak pada pelaksanaan hak kebebasan berekspresi bagi wartawan sebagaimana telah dijamin dalam instrumen hukum internasional dan nasional dan hal ini menimbulkan tanggung jawab. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaturan dalam hukum internasional terkait tindakan kekerasan aparat kepolisian terhadap wartawan serta mekanisme pertanggungjawaban negara terhadap tindakan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual yang dianalisis secara deskriptif analitis melalui analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tindakan kekerasan aparat kepolisian terhadap wartawan melanggar ketentuan terkait hak kebebasan berekspresi dalam Pasal 2 jo. Pasal 19 ayat (2) ICCPR, serta melanggar ketentuan terkait hak bebas dari penyiksaan dalam Pasal 7 ICCPR dan Pasal 2 ayat (1) CAT. Tindakan kekerasan tersebut memenuhi unsur perbuatan salah secara internasional sehingga menimbulkan tanggung jawab negara. Bentuk tanggung jawab negara di antaranya yaitu restitusi, kompensasi, rehabilitasi, serta pemuasan. Mekanisme pertanggungjawaban negara dapat ditempuh melalui mekanisme internasional dan mekanisme nasional. Hasil dari mekanisme tersebut dapat berupa rekomendasi atau putusan yang mengikat.